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Ekman and Friesen: Program facial expression

The main assumptions of Facial Expression Program in its original version.
Here are the main points:

1. There is a few (7 plus or minus 2) of basic emotions .
2. Each is genetically determined , universal and distinct.
3. The production and recognition of facial expressions are a distinct reporting system which is an evolutionary adaptation to some of the greatest problems of life.

4. Any emotional state of mind devoid of its signal face is not a basic emotion . Emotions base are: happiness, surprise, fear, anger, contempt, disgust and sadness.

5. All those emotions that are not included in the basic sub-categories or are mixtures of basic emotions. For example anxiety is a mixture of fear, sadness, anger, shame and interest (and should therefore result in a mixture of face).

6. voluntary facial expressions can be simulated spontaneous ones . Voluntary expressions are false and conditioned by culture. Different cultures exhibit different set of rules, which dictate when an expression can be expressed freely and when it should be inhibited, enhanced or masked with a different expression. The emotion "real" leaks out from the mask and may be revealed through facial measurements.

7. Any facial expression deviates from the universal signal is a mixture of signals or base, is the result of rules of production of a specific culture.
8. The state is revealed by the emotional facial measurement. Thus, the emotions of babies or people who are not able to speak frankly become accessible.
9. The subjective feelings associated with emotion are due, at least in part, to the proprioceptive feedback from facial movements.

10. The seven facial signals are easily recognized by all human beings irrespective of their culture .

11. The ability to recognize emotion in facial expression is innate rather than culturally determined. It appears early and is perhaps present at birth.

12. as encoding and decoding, the significance ("signal value") of a facial expression is fixed by nature and does not vary by changing the context in which it occurs. Observers can then recognize the emotion in facial expression of another person, even when the context and the behavior of the conflicting information. Observers may recognize the same emotion in the same facial expression regardless of the variety in the mode of presentation of facial expression.

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genuine smile, fake smile and facial feedback theory

Have you ever had the feeling you have before you a person who smiles for the occasion?

Ekman created in collaboration with the BBC this nice test to test your ability to distinuere a true and genuine smile from a fake.

With the facial feedback theory he argues that the feedback from facial muscles affects the emotion that the subject test, which means that the sensory feedback resulting from facial expressions contributes to the emotion we feel at any given time.

This shows that, as the brain expressing emotion starts to move certain facial muscles, these muscles also operating voluntarily, there is a statistically significant resonance on an emotional level.

In practice one should think that way: those happy smiles but he is happy because he smiles too often.

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The answer to Darwin and Ekman comes from Japan.

Contrary to the assertions by Darwin and later by P. Ekman, Dr. Takahiko Masuda, a research professor of psychology at the University of Alberta (Canada), shows that facial expressions can be interpreted differently depending on the culture of origin.

The research was conducted in Japan and the United States. In Japan there is a strong tendency to control emotions, and attention is focused mainly on the eyes of the interlocutor. In the U.S., the emotions are externalized and is more inclined to focus on the mouth of the interlocutor to understand their emotions.

The researchers used computerized emoticons and pictures of human faces expressing an emotional state. The study results show that facial expressions are not interpreted universally, as it is thought in general. The culture of belonging is a key factor for their decoding on an emotional level, something which is especially noticeable considering the emoticons that are used in e-mail and the SMS.

Emoticons used in Japan to indicate happiness and sadness are characterized by a different eye blink, while those used in the United States differ in the position of the mouth. For example, the United States the emoticons:) and :-) indicates happiness, while: (and show :-( sadness. In Japan they prefer using, respectively, emoticons and (;_;). (^_^)

During the experiment, the researchers noted that the Japanese, to understand what kind of emotion could express the emoticon, focused on the eyes. In a culture where emotions are not expressed clearly it is understandable that the eyes look more capable of a blink less pronounced, and not the mouth that is the most expressive face, as it showed to the Americans.

A possible corollary to the research is that the Japanese would be more ready to tackle the false expressions friendly just by looking at the position of the eyes of the interlocutor. But more studies are needed to confirm this.

reference to this article: Masaki
Yukia, William W. Madduxb, Takahiko Masuda, Are the windows to the soul the examination in the East and West? Cultural Differences in using the eyes and mouth as cues to Recognize emotions in Japan and the United States , Journal of Experimental Social Psychology

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emotions and secrets: Interview with Prof. Paul Ekman

's interview with Giuliana Proietti site psicolinea.it

GP She became interested in psychology reading Freud, who studied a course in rhetoric. I know she really enjoyed her writing style, but what can you tell us about his theories? They believed from the beginning?

PE No, I was not convinced. Certainly some of his ideas are so fundamental that one can not study human beings without reference to them, many of our most important actions are motivated by unconscious processes; sexuality has an important role in making us understand many human behaviors, childhood experiences have a profound effect on our personality. But many details of his theories do not share them. It also took very little account of the emotions.

GP Dr. Martin Seligman, often says in his books, that Freudian psychology is too pessimistic, because it primarily focused on the treatment of pain and discomfort. In contrast, positive psychology looks at the prevention of discomfort can also be reached through the well-being. Do you think you can 'wear' positive facial expressions to become more optimistic and confident?

PE I doubt that putting a positive expression can change the quality of life beyond anything most people can not voluntarily activate one of two specific muscles that express the joy, orbicularis oculi, pars lateralis .

GP She said that as a boy he became interested in psychology because, somehow, 'he wanted to change the world': psychotherapy was a way to solve or at least alleviate the problems of mankind. Now he says he changed his mind. Why? Is there anything else in the world that can take on this task?

PE I have come to believe that in order to understand the causes of suffering, much more can be done by research rather than therapy. Both are important, but I thought that my talents could be better spent in research.

GP His extensive research on facial expression has in fact created a new science on this subject, the science which, in theory, be possible teach all ... This new ability could really help people improve their human relations?

PE I hope so. Certainly can help you better understand what others feel. It 's more difficult to understand our own feelings, but I wrote about these things in my latest book EMOTIONS REVEALED .


GP She said that in human terms are the 'themes' that relate to universal expressions, and the 'Variation', which relate to specific cultures. What are the 'change' that typically belong to the Italian people?

PE I would have spent enough time in Italy to know them.


GP Recently, some scientists said they were ready to transplant a human face: if it were really possible, the expression on this face should be considered typical of the new owner (the muscles that move the second habits) or exclusively due to anatomical characteristics of the deceased person, whose face has been transplanted?

PE What creates expressions are various centers in the brain as a result, unless the brain is transplanted, they will appear the same expressions.

GP In his research on facial expression she has certainly faced the reddening phenomenon: not a true expression, but something that usually makes you think that person can be 'guilty' or at least 'involved '. It 'just that simple interpretation of things?

PE According to Darwin's blushes when you feel the center of attention of others in an excessive or unwanted. He blushes when there is a praise or when others notice that you have done something incorrectly.

GP How much influence have the family life, education, the general atmosphere in which we grow in determining the typical expressions of a person? E 'can change them as adults?

PE interesting questions, but do not know the answers.

GP She is Consultant for the Department of Defense, the Pentagon and for artists draw cartoons ... What gives you most satisfaction?

PE I enjoy working with designers, I like to help you make a work that could be fun, working with the Defense Department is to save lives through better investigation of terrorists and even if my aid provides only a small contribution, saving lives is more important.

Giuliana Proietti